SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    297, 296, 295, 294, 293, 292, 291, 290, 
    289, 288, 286, 285
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00090

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "filesort": {
      "temporary_table": {
        "function": "buffer",
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
          "access_type": "ALL",
          "possible_keys": [
            "usergroup",
            "product_id",
            "lower_limit",
            "usergroup_id"
          ],
          "rows": 12,
          "filtered": 91.667,
          "attached_condition": "((cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1) and (cscart_product_prices.product_id in (297,296,295,294,293,292,291,290,289,288,286,285)) and (cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id in (0,1)))"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}